Herculine Barbin Essay

Upon reading Herculine Barbin, it helped me understand the difficulties in which Herculine had, living as a hermaphrodite living in his century, as it is still very difficult to lead such a life now. However, many parts of the reading were ambiguous because she never exactly mentions the condition of her body or what kind of sickness she is exactly suffering from. Although she always mentions the fact that she is suffering and in a great deal of pain, she only goes as far to describe the way she looks from the outside and how the others perceive her sickness. In the beginning of the novel, I can’t help but be confused about Herculine’s sexual identity. She describes herself as being born in a hospital that treats for â€Å"sick people of both sexes,† but it seems though, for the time being, she is going to be living on as a female. However, advancing into the story, we see the sorts of intimacy she gets into as she declares her love for other girls. This is another way to show the reader of the uncertainty in the identification of her gender. I loved her at first sight, and though her outward appearance had nothing about it that was dazzling, it was irresistibly attractive because of the modest grace that was shed over her entire person. † This quote represents a bit of masculinity yet also the femininity that was present within Herculine. Herculine seemed to be warm around other girls and woman, like any other female, but there was a certain different intimacy. She had grown up with women and it had taught her to be feminine and loving. However, because women surround her, it allowed her to explore her sexuality and employ it as much as possible. We can see uncertainty of gender arising here. Another uncertainty we see is the intelligence that is present in Herculine. She is described as being the smartest and as being very studious. Some of her traits do make it seem as though she was born to be a male. Although her birth did decide Herculine’s gender, it does not decide her true identity. There is a mistaken belief for her gender and there is not an exact way to identify Herculine’s true gender. Herculine always feels guilty about what she is doing, whether it may be falling in love with Sara or feeling sick. She has to be self-conscious about what she does because it can ruin her reputation. She had to hide her identity in order to get what she wanted. As a child, Herculine had a small problem growing up with all girls, because she felt a different intimacy with a girl names Lea, and that is where it all had started. Herculine was unable to control her desires later on, especially with Madame P’s daughter, Sara. Their relationship was so intimate that it was becoming painful for Herculine. Herculine was unsure if the identity she was carrying was right or if she needed a change. But she knew that no one was to know about the change because it would condemn her from society and shun anyone around her. She could not just be considerate of herself but needed to think about everyone else around her, especially those who were offering and giving help to her. She possesses shame toward her body and its undergoing changes. When her body starts to grow hair, she tries to hide it and when she realizes she is becoming more masculine, she feels uncomfortable with the transformation. Her refusal to show off her body to the doctor shows us that she does regret and dislike the changes that are going on in her body. It shows off her feminine side. Although Herculine was hurting from the bodily changes, she tries to hide all of these factors because she indeed wants to stay a woman. She feels awkward in society and does not have the problem with the way she was living then. She believed that she was born to love but her identity change later on in the story was forcing her to love like a man. Many times in the reading, Herculine relies on religion to get her through the sufferings. She is very pious and tries to fit into society and uses religion to relieve herself of the outside world. She feels guilty toward the world with regards to what is happening to herself. She wants acceptance or change but at the same time she also wants answers. When she confesses for the first time, she is shocked to find the priest, Abbe H, who is very close and associated with Madame P’s family, throwing insults and terrifying words at her. That was the deciding factor that leads her to secrecy and more uncertainty over her body. However, later she finds people who encourage her and aid her with her disease. One specific person would be Monsieur de Saint M. He is the one who urges her to go off and tells her the instructions as to what to do in order to cure of her disease. Never does he once put her down. He treats Herculine like his own and on his deathbed, Monsieur de Saint M is proud of Herculine and Herculine seems to be thankful toward him. He was like a father figure to her and he led her to live more true to her self. However, even after she undergoes a change to her body, Barbin undergoes obstacles to try to fit in with her new identity and body. To his dismay, the surroundings and people around Herculine look down at her and with disgust. Herculine is unable to find and job and therefore looks for an escape, and that is to the United States. Society was very stereotypical, because of the fact that although Herculine was now a man, she did not seem or acted like one. However, Herculine himself, or rather herself, did not seem satisfied with the new identity and was miserable. This leads to suicide later on. Herculine had to cut her own life due to societal torments. She had to leave her real identity behind and it was the cause of her misery. Herculine was never comfortable living in her society as a hermaphrodite because never in her life did she feel normal and comfortable with herself.

Digital Fortress Chapter 81-84

Chapter 81 Becker stood bleary-eyed beside the telephone booth on the terminal concourse. Despite his burning face and a vague nausea, his spirits were soaring. It was over. Truly over. He was on his way home. The ring on his finger was the grail he'd been seeking. He held his hand up in the light and squinted at the gold band. He couldn't focus well enough to read, but the inscription didn't appear to be in English. The first symbol was either a Q, an O, or a zero, his eyes hurt too much to tell. Becker studied the first few characters. They made no sense. This was a matter of national security? Becker stepped into the phone booth and dialed Strathmore. Before he had finished the international prefix, he got a recording. â€Å"Todos los circuitos estan ocupados,† the voice said. â€Å"Please hang up and try your call later.† Becker frowned and hung up. He'd forgotten: Getting an international connection from Spain was like roulette, all a matter of timing and luck. He'd have to try again in a few minutes. Becker fought to ignore the waning sting of the pepper in his eyes. Megan had told him rubbing his eyes would only make them worse; he couldn't imagine. Impatient, he tried the phone again. Still no circuits. Becker couldn't wait any longer-his eyes were on fire; he had to flush them with water. Strathmore would have to wait a minute or two. Half blind, Becker made his way toward the bathrooms. The blurry image of the cleaning cart was still in front of the men's room, so Becker turned again toward the door marked damas. He thought he heard sounds inside. He knocked. â€Å"Hola?† Silence. Probably Megan, he thought. She had five hours to kill before her flight and had said she was going to scrub her arm till it was clean. â€Å"Megan?† he called. He knocked again. There was no reply. Becker pushed the door open. â€Å"Hello?† He went in. The bathroom appeared empty. He shrugged and walked to the sink. The sink was still filthy, but the water was cold. Becker felt his pores tighten as he splashed the water in his eyes. The pain began to ease, and the fog gradually lifted. Becker eyed himself in the mirror. He looked like he'd been crying for days. He dried his face on the sleeve of his jacket, and then it suddenly occurred to him. In all the excitement, he'd forgotten where he was. He was at the airport! Somewhere out thereon the tarmac, in one of the Seville airport's three private hangars, there was a Learjet 60 waiting to take him home. The pilot had stated very clearly, I have orders to stay here until you return. It was hard to believe, Becker thought, that after all this, he had ended up right back where he'd started. What am I waiting for? he laughed. I'm sure the pilot can radio a message to Strathmore! Chuckling to himself, Becker glanced in the mirror and straightened his tie. He was about to go when the reflection of something behind him caught his eye. He turned. It appeared to be one end of Megan's duffel, protruding from under a partially open stall door. â€Å"Megan?† he called. There was no reply. â€Å"Megan?† Becker walked over. He rapped loudly on the side of the stall. No answer. He gently pushed the door. It swung open. Becker fought back a cry of horror. Megan was on the toilet, her eyes rolled skyward. Dead center of her forehead, a bullet hole oozed bloody liquid down her face. â€Å"Oh, Jesus!† Becker cried in shock. â€Å"Esta muerta,† a barely human voice croaked behind him. â€Å"She's dead.† It was like a dream. Becker turned. â€Å"Senor Becker?† the eerie voice asked. Dazed, Becker studied the man stepping into the rest room. He looked oddly familiar. â€Å"Soy Hulohot,† the killer said. â€Å"I am Hulohot.† The misshapen words seemed to emerge from the depths of his stomach. Hulohot held out his hand. â€Å"El anillo. The ring.† Becker stared blankly. The man reached in his pocket and produced a gun. He raised the weapon and trained it on Becker's head. â€Å"El anillo.† In an instant of clarity, Becker felt a sensation he had never known. As if cued by some subconscious survival instinct, every muscle in his body tensed simultaneously. He flew through the air as the shot spat out. Becker crashed down on top of Megan. A bullet exploded against the wall behind him. â€Å"Mierda!† Hulohot seethed. Somehow, at the last possible instant, David Becker had dived out of the way. The assassin advanced. Becker pulled himself off the lifeless teenager. There were approaching footsteps. Breathing. The cock of a weapon. â€Å"Adios,† the man whispered as he lunged like a panther, swinging his weapon into the stall. The gun went off. There was a flash of red. But it was no tblood. It was something else. An object had materialized as if out of nowhere, sailing out of the stall and hitting the killer in the chest, causing his gun to fire a split second early. It was Megan's duffel. Becker exploded from the stall. He buried his shoulder in the man's chest and drove him back into the sink. There was a bone-crushing crash. A mirror shattered. The gun fell free. The two men collapsed to the floor. Becker tore himself away and dashed for the exit. Hulohot scrambled for his weapon, spun, and fired. The bullet ripped into the slamming bathroom door. The empty expanse of the airport concourse loomed before Becker like an uncrossable desert. His legs surged beneath him faster than he'd ever known they could move. As he skidded into the revolving door, a shot rang out behind him. The glass panel in front of him exploded in a shower of glass. Becker pushed his shoulder into the frame and the door rotated forward. A moment later he stumbled onto the pavement outside. A taxi stood waiting. â€Å"Dejame entrar!† Becker screamed, pounding on the locked door. â€Å"Let me in!† The driver refused; his fare with the wire-rim glasses had asked him to wait. Becker turned and saw Hulohot streaking across he concourse, gun in hand. Becker eyed his little Vespa on the sidewalk. I'm dead. Hulohot blasted through the revolving doors just in time to see Becker trying in vain to kick start his Vespa. Hulohot smiled and raised his weapon. The choke! Becker fumbled with the levers under the gas tank. He jumped on the starter again. It coughed and died. â€Å"El anillo. The ring.† The voice was close. Becker looked up. He saw the barrel of a gun. The chamber was rotating. He rammed his foot on the starter once again. Hulohot's shot just missed Becker's head as the little bike sprang to life and lurched forward. Becker hung on for his life as the motorcycle bounced down a grassy embankment and wobbled around the corner of the building onto the runway. Enraged, Hulohot raced toward his waiting taxi. Seconds later, the driver lay stunned on the curb watching his taxi peel out in a cloud of dust. Chapter 82 As the implications of the Commander's phone call to Security began to settle on the dazed Greg Hale, he found himself weakened by a wave of panic. Security is coming! Susan began to slip away. Hale recovered, clutching at her midsection, pulling her back. â€Å"Let me go!† she cried, her voice echoing though the dome. Hale's mind was in overdrive. The commander's call had taken him totally by surprise. Strathmore phoned Security! He's sacrificing his plans for Digital Fortress! Not in a million years had Hale imagined the commander would let Digital Fortress slip by. This back door was the chance of a lifetime. As the panic rushed in, Hale's mind seemed to play tricks on him. He saw the barrel of Strathmore's Berretta everywhere he looked. He began to spin, holding Susan close, trying to deny the commander a shot. Driven by fear, Hale dragged Susan blindly toward the stairs. In five minutes the lights would come on, the doors would open, and a SWAT team would pour in. â€Å"You're hurting me!† Susan choked. She gasped for breath as she stumbled through Hale's desperate pirouettes. Hale considered letting her go and making a mad dash for Strathmore's elevator, but it was suicide. He had no password. Besides, once outside the NSA without a hostage, Hale knew he was as good as dead. Not even his Lotus could outrun a fleet of NSA helicopters. Susan is the only thing that will keep Strathmore from blowing me off the road! â€Å"Susan,† Hale blurted, dragging her toward the stairs. â€Å"Come with me! I swear I won't hurt you!† As Susan fought him, Hale realized he had new problems. Even if he somehow managed to get Strathmore's elevator open and take Susan with him, she would undoubtedly fight him all the way out of the building. Hale knew full well that Strathmore's elevator made only one stop: â€Å"the Underground Highway,† a restricted labyrinth of underground access tunnels through which NSA powerbrokers moved in secrecy. Hale had no intention of ending up lost in the basement corridors of the NSA with a struggling hostage. It was a death trap. Even if he got out, he realized, he had no gun. How would he get Susan across the parking lot? How would he drive? It was the voice of one of Hale's marine, military-strategy professors that gave him his answer: Force a hand, the voice warned, and it will fight you. But convince a mind to think as you want it to think, and you have an ally. â€Å"Susan,† Hale heard himself saying, â€Å"Strathmore's a killer! You're in danger here!† Susan didn't seem to hear. Hale knew it was an absurd angle anyway; Strathmore would never hurt Susan, and she knew it. Hale strained his eyes into the darkness, wondering where the commander was hidden. Strathmore had fallen silent suddenly, which made Hale even more panicky. He sensed his time was up. Security would arrive at any moment. With a surge of strength, Hale wrapped his arms around Susan's waist and pulled her hard up the stairs. She hooked her heels on the first step and pulled back. It was no use, Hale overpowered her. Carefully, Hale backed up the stairs with Susan in tow. Pushing her up might have been easier, but the landing at the top was illuminated from Strathmore's computer monitors. If Susan went first, Strathmore would have a clear shot at Hale's back. Pulling Susan behind him, Hale had a human shield between himself and the Crypto floor. About a third of the way up, Hale sensed movement at the bottom of the stairs. Strathmore's making his move! â€Å"Don't try it, Commander,† he hissed. â€Å"You'll only get her killed.† Hale waited. But there was only silence. He listened closely. Nothing. The bottom of the stairs was still. Was he imagining things? It didn't matter. Strathmore would never risk a shot with Susan in the way. But as Hale backed up the stairs dragging Susan behind him, something unexpected happened. There was a faint thud on the landing behind him. Hale stopped, adrenaline surging. Had Strathmore slipped upstairs? Instinct told him Strathmore was at the bottom of the stairs. But then, suddenly, it happened again-louder this time. A distinct step on the upper landing! In terror, Hale realized his mistake. Strathmore's on the landing behind me! He has a clear shot of my back! In desperation, he spun Susan back to his uphill side and started retreating backwards down the steps. As he reached the bottom step, he stared wildly up at the landing and yelled, â€Å"Back off, Commander! Back off, or I'll break her-â€Å" The butt of a Berretta came slicing through the air at the foot of the stairs and crashed down into Hale's skull. As Susan tore free of the slumping Hale, she wheeled in confusion. Strathmore grabbed her and reeled her in, cradling her shaking body. â€Å"Shhh,† he soothed. â€Å"It's me. You're okay.† Susan was trembling. â€Å"Com†¦ mander.† She gasped, disoriented. â€Å"I thought†¦ I thought you were upstairs†¦ I heard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Easy now,† he whispered. â€Å"You heard me toss my loafers up onto the landing.† Susan found herself laughing and crying at the same time. The commander had just saved her life. Standing there in the darkness, Susan felt an overwhelming sense of relief. It was not, however, without guilt; Security was coming. She had foolishly let Hale grab her, and he had used her against Strathmore. Susan knew the commander had paid a huge price to save her. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she said. â€Å"What for?† â€Å"Your plans for Digital Fortress†¦ they're ruined.† Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"Not at all.† â€Å"But†¦ but what about Security? They'll be here any minute. We won't have time to-â€Å" â€Å"Security's not coming, Susan. We've got all the time in the world.† Susan was lost. Not coming? â€Å"But you phoned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Strathmore chuckled. â€Å"Oldest trick in the book. I faked the call.† Chapter 83 Becker's Vespa was no doubt the smallest vehicle ever to tear down the Seville runway. Its top speed, a whining 50 mph, sounded more like a chainsaw than a motorcycle and was unfortunately well below the necessary power to become airborne. In his side mirror, Becker saw the taxi swing out onto the darkened runway about four hundred yards back. It immediately started gaining. Becker faced front. In the distance, the contour of the airplane hangars stood framed against the night sky about a half mile out. Becker wondered if the taxi would overtake him in that distance. He knew Susan could do the math in two seconds and calculate his odds. Becker suddenly felt fear like he had never known. He lowered his head and twisted the throttle as far as it would go. The Vespa was definitely topped out. Becker guessed the taxi behind him was doing almost ninety, twice his speed. He set his sights on the three structures looming in the distance. The middle one. That's where the Learjet is. A shot rang out. The bullet buried itself in the runway yards behind him. Becker looked back. The assassin was hanging out the window taking aim. Becker swerved and his side mirror exploded in a shower of glass. He could feel the impact of the bullet all the way up the handlebars. He lay his body flat on the bike. God help me, I'm not going to make it! The tarmac in front of Becker's Vespa was growing brighter now. The taxi was closing, the headlights throwing ghostly shadows down the runway. A shot fired. The bullet ricocheted off the hull of the bike. Becker struggled to keep from going into a swerve. I've got to make the hangar! He wondered if the Learjet pilot could see them coming. Does he have a weapon? Will he open the cabin doors in time? But as Becker approached the lit expanse of the open hangars, he realized the question was moot. The Learjet was nowhere to be seen. He squinted through blurred vision and prayed he was hallucinating. He was not. The hangar was bare. Oh my God! Where's the plane! As the two vehicles rocketed into the empty hangar, Becker desperately searched for an escape. There was none. The building's rear wall, an expansive sheet of corrugated metal, had no doors or windows. The taxi roared up beside him, and Becker looked left to see Hulohot raising his gun. Reflex took over. Becker slammed down on his brakes. He barely slowed. The hangar floor was slick with oil. The Vespa went into a headlong skid. Beside him there was a deafening squeal as the taxi's brakes locked and the balding tires hydroplaned on the slippery surface. The car spun around in a cloud of smoke and burning rubber only inches to the left of Becker's skidding Vespa. Now side by side, the two vehicles skimmed out of control on a collision course with the rear of the hangar. Becker desperately pumped his brakes, but there was no traction; it was like driving on ice. In front of him, the metal wall loomed. It was coming fast. As the taxi spiraled wildly beside him, Becker faced the wall and braced for the impact. There was an earsplitting crash of steel and corrugated metal. But there was no pain. Becker found himself suddenly in the open air, still on his Vespa, bouncing across a grassy field. It was as if the hangar's back wall had vanished before him. The taxi was still beside him, careening across the field. An enormous sheet of corrugated metal from the hangar's back wall billowed off the taxi's hood and sailed over Becker's head. Heart racing, Becker gunned the Vespa and took off into the night. Chapter 84 Jabba let out a contented sigh as he finished the last of his solder points. He switched off the iron, put down his penlight, and lay a moment in the darkness of the mainframe computer. He was beat. His neck hurt. Internal work was always cramped, especially for a man of his size. And they just keep building them smaller, he mused. As he closed his eyes for a well-deserved moment of relaxation, someone outside began pulling on his boots. â€Å"Jabba! Get out here!† a woman's voice yelled. Midge found me. He groaned. â€Å"Jabba! Get out here!† Reluctantly he slithered out. â€Å"For the love of God, Midge! I told you-† But it was not Midge. Jabba looked up, surprised. â€Å"Soshi?† Soshi Kuta was a ninety-pound live wire. She was Jabba's righthand assistant, a razor-sharp Sys-Sec techie from MIT. She often worked late with Jabba and was the one member of his staff who seemed unintimidated by him. She glared at him and demanded, â€Å"Why the hell didn't you answer your phone? Or my page?† â€Å"Your page,† Jabba repeated. â€Å"I thought it was-â€Å" â€Å"Never mind. There's something strange going on in the main databank.† Jabba checked his watch. â€Å"Strange?† Now he was growing concerned. â€Å"Can you be any more specific?† Two minutes later Jabba was dashing down the hall toward the databank.

English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Legal System - Essay Example Thus, consistency within the law is both in practice and theory, to a maximum extent is preserved and can be regarded as one of the fundamental demands of the meaning of justice, which is covered by giving equal treatment of like cases, in like manner1. UK can be said to be the birth place of the legal concept namely judicial precedent or stare decisis or ratio decidendi. Now, judicial precedent is widely followed by the common law jurisdictions around the world. The judicial precedent concept is footed upon the rule that once a court has given its verdict in a given background, the analogous verdict should be arrived at in any future litigation where the facts of the cases are alike. The judicial precedent principle is based upon the concept that if a verdict was given by a superior court, then lower court is under obligation to follow it, whereas there is no obligation on the superior court to follow the decision given by a lower court. It is to be remembered that decision given by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson2 in 1932 as regards to â€Å"neighbour principle† which has become the reference case for the cases involving ‘negligence’ in the latter period3. A gullible consumer may under proper scenarios recoup damages for harm sustained by a defective product either it be car as held in Andrews v Hopkinson,4 or it may be an underwear as held in Grant v Australian Knitting Mills.5 Likewise , the verdict given in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd6 also became a precedent in subsequent cases where it was held that a company is a juristic person , has separate legal entity and a company is different from its members.7 In these cases, the courts have considered only the legal principle involved and not the particular facts of the earlier cases. Thus, the legal principle, which is known as the ratio decidendi is the crux portion of the judicial decision which is a binding precedent.8 An obiter dictum in judicial verdict deals with observation made by a judge in the course of litigation, which is not essential for the final verdict and hence is not regarded as a binding precedent. For instance, in R v Howe & Bannister9, it was held by the House of Lords that defence of duress could not be extended to murder crime and this has been regarded as the ratio decidendi of the case. Further, it was observed by the House of Lords, whether the defence should be made available to those accused who engaged in an attempt of murder and observed obiter dicta that the defence of duress should not be made available to the attempted murder also10. It is to be noted that obiter dicta is also referred by other names namely persuasive precedent, which refers to the legal principles observed by the judges which just offer some elucidation on the subject. Thus, persuasive precedents may also emanate from lower courts and also from the verdicts of other jurisdiction11. In R v Gotts12 , the House of Lords was of the view that justification under duress cannot be extended for

Why Do People Go to School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Do People Go to School - Essay Example That is exactly why people send their children to school. They want to see them succeed as lawyers, doctors, artists, engineers and all the jobs that pay well. But I don’t agree with Paul when he says that when children go to school wearing uniforms, they look like as if they are being drafted into something. To a certain point in the school career, children need to learn the basics, that is necessary. No one is pressing and molding children into robots by sending them to schools. There is a reason why there is a greater number of successful people who went to school than those who didn’t. While at school, children don’t only delve into their books, there is a whole package of school education. For instance, the extra-curricular activities are not directly related with job hunting but, they are necessary for overall grooming and development of body and mind, which is something people get as a side dish when they get a school education. When a person goes to school, he meets new people, makes new friends, deals with them in dorms. School education teaches students how to meet deadlines on their assignments and juggle huge workloads of various subjects. That is why when an employer hires a person who has gone to school knows that that person is good at time management and multitasking. Paul Murray probably has the same idea about education and learning as John Holt. Unschooling is a term coined by John Holt in referring to custom learning. This type of learning has a purpose not for the schools or college admins but for the students who are learning those things. There is no imposing of any kind on the child. If he is interested in hot rods, his interest might lead him to learn the mechanics of an engine or even building a complete automobile.   Considering a hypothetical situation, had Rex Walls had sent his children to regular schools, he would be had to get a decent regular job like everyone else and his children would not have to steal lunch from other schoolmates and root trash cans for food. But demonstrating Unschooling, what Rex and her wife taught their children about literature, art, music, history, astronomy, geology, and mathematics added so much useful knowledge to their children’s learning but character training was completely absent from. An d that is why such an intelligent and knowledgeable family had to live their lives like nomads. I don’t disagree with Paul Murray and John Holt on the basic idea about education and it is a fact that deep down inside, no one wants to go to school as it is hard work. But I need more pragmatic solutions to their idea of not going to school or Unschooling. Loitering around, doing nothing, watching movies, playing in the parks and sleep when tired, sounds like a dream life but imagine if everyone starts doing this, then there would be no more technicians and engineers to run a TV station. There would be no journalists and writers to play interesting news on TV and publish interesting books and magazines. Like food and water, knowledge or education is the basic necessity of a successful life and school education is one safe way to achieve that.

State law enforcement agencies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State law enforcement agencies - Assignment Example There are several law enforcement agencies in a state. Police department is one of the major law enforcement agencies listed in these criteria. US state police has an important role to play in the day-to-day activities needed to keep the society safe and healthy. Peace in society cannot be achieved with out police intervention. The significant duty of the police department is to cater the needs of society by enforcing law and order to the society. Societal harmony can be preserved by he timely involvement of the police department. Thus, crime stop and prevention is also a major duty of the police department. Another important state law enforcement agency is the Public safety department whose primary duty is the protection of people from any adverse problems related to the public safety. Freedom and security of people is just what needed to be achieved by the enforcement of such laws in every state.

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Response - Essay Example .and peers are readily available" (Carter, 2012). If this type of system is instituted at an early age it will also help all children become more accepting of those with differences.   There are a variety of inventions that can be used to help children with autism develop social skills. I think that the researchers used playtime to implement the social intervention, because it allowed them to use both coaching/training techniques. Play time is an ideal time when children are able to communicate freely with one another in a carefree manner. The researchers picked this time maybe because they felt that the student with autism would feel less targeted by on lookers. The techniques of intervention procedures pre-teaching/modeling, prompting, and praise/reward can be used during lessons where teachers are practicing co-operative learning. Working at stations is also a great way to implement social skill intervention as they must work together sharing information at stations. Positive reinforcement would help students continue with their social interactions. Praise often helps students feel better and confident about the situation. Also peer assistants can help build the confidence of autistic children by providing assistance until they reach a point when they feel they can interact independently. The paper was excellent with clear and succinct points regarding the advantages of playtime sessions. One point that I really loved about the essay was where you recommend that positive reinforcement would help the students to gear up for social interactions in reality. This can also been confirmed by a research carried out which states that â€Å"positive reinforcement for desired target behaviors is highly effective in the education of children with autism† (Schmidt & Heybyrne 2004 p.2) However regarding the stations I do have questions as to how it would benefit the children with autism by sharing information on the stations ? 1. Why

Canadian Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Canadian Society - Essay Example Being Canadian means realizing that one's forefathers were the original anti-Americans. Our ancestors rejected the American revolution and they favored Great Britain. Canada faces the onslaught of Americanization. The late Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau one time likened Canada to a mouse sleeping with an elephant, who fears that the tiniest move of the elephant may crush him. (Adms, 26). Being Canadian means being cognizant of the American dominance in the economy and politics. About 85 per cent of exports and imports are to and from the United States. The US is Canada's largest foreign investor in Canada. In the area of culture, Canadians are eager consumers of American television, cinema, popular music, magazines, books, fashions, and fast food. The common theme is evidently "birthright," or national sovereignty. The debate over the utilization of Canadian natural resources was spurred by fears of an insatiable American appetite for Canada's water, oil, timber. There are efforts to preserve the Canadian wheat, dairy, and poultry marketing board monopolies from competition by cheaper U.S. products. Most importantly, serious concerns over American cultural domination of Canada led to a series of exemptions for cultural industries were written into the CUFTA and then to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In particular, the CUFTA and NAFTA agreements had enshrined Canada's right to impose "Canadian content" requirements on radio and television, restrict foreign investment and ownership, and to permit government subsidies of cultural industries such as publishing, music, and cinema. Evidently, there was a fear that, in an unfettered market, Canada would be swamped by cheaper, more popular, American music, film, and the rest.There is an economic argument for the cultural protection of the Canadian film industry. Hollywood movies can easily enter the Canadian market. Hence, it is important that the local films are protected. Two arguments are relevant: either the aspects of Canadian culture that are represented in Canadian film would not flourish if Canadian film did n ot exist, or that Canadian film itself is worth protecting for its own sake. These arguments provide a rationale for a subsidy for the Canadian film industry. These efforts are essential for the preservation of an economically fragile national culture and with fewer impediments to individual choice, by using direct subsidies. In short, Canada would be better advised to foster its culture via subsidies than by restricting or taxing cultural imports.The purpose of this cultural subsidy is to help producers and consumers. In other words, national culture is meant to engender a common and unique experience within the "territory," The most important motivation for Canadian cultural protection policies: the widely shared sense of fragility of national identity itself. The Anglo-Canadians are metaphorically "90 percent" Americanized. This of course heightens the urgency of preserving the remaining "10 percent" of difference. A significant dimesion of Canadian cultural protection is restric tion of foreign ownership in the print and broadcast media, such as newspapers and television.Canada has been met with remarkable successful in engendering its cultural industrie

Hokkaido Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hokkaido - Term Paper Example As a subject or academic discipline, geography is the study of earth as the home for humanity. However, man has created conditions that are favorable to his existence on the foundations of existing physical features. Study of such creation encompasses human geography, which analyzes the relationship between human activities and the natural environment. Cultural geography is a major branch of geography and it is concerned with language, religion, government, and economy of a geographical region. Japan is an island nation that has fascinating environment and climate. These features have greatly influenced how people make a living from available resources. Hokkaido is the northernmost island of Japan. Unlike other islands that form the country, Hokkaido has extremely cold climate that influence how people construct their houses. In addition, Hokkaido sits on a rugged terrain, which has a relatively high water table. These factors also influence the design and sizes of house that can be constructed. The region is also prone to earthquakes that also influence housing designs and structures. Hokkaido is known as the territory of constructions this is because the region ever has new buildings. In Hokkaido, public construction works exceeds work done in the private sector. Government policies and regulations meant to enhance safety in the construction industry greatly influence building of new houses in Hokkaido. The Japanese construction industry contributes about 20% of the total GDP of the country. This constitutes construction works performed in the country and outside the country. Construction of houses in Hokkaido is very different from other parts of the country. This is partly due ton the housing values of the native communities and the developing status of Hokkaido. Unlike other parts of Japan such as Tokyo, Hokkaido is still in its early development stage. However, Hokkaido is developing very fast and it may soon overtake Tokyo as the world largest metropolitan. This has made the region to be characterized by new construction and engineering works. It has often been said that public construction work in Hokkaido greatly exceeds work done in the private sector. Registered contractors who are regulated by the prefectural governor cry out construction works in Hokkaido. Hokkaido is considered as the land of construction. Currently the region holds 7% of the total number of construction companies in Japan. This is a significant figure considering the fact that construction in Hokkaido constitutes about 5% of the total construction works in Japan. Small construction companies are the most dominant in Japan and they handle nearly 78% of all construction contracts awarded annually in Hokkaido. In Hokkaido nearly 8% of the total population work in the construction industry, either as s killed semi-skilled or unskilled laborers. The most desirable characteristic of Hokkaido construction workforce it that, there is a striking balance between the skilled and unskilled labor force. However, the region is likely to

A Technical Proposal for Equipment and Software Essay

A Technical Proposal for Equipment and Software - Essay Example The acquisition of equipments and software for â€Å"Transformers Architectural Company† has a number of focuses with regard to individual Hardware and Software for use in the work. From every workers’ perspective, the employee will work from their individual own computers. This proposal paper aims at ascertaining the number of computers required in the organisation, the specification of every computer, application and software, as well as the internet connection. Further, the kind of communication facilities required by the architects and engineers working off-site will be tackled. A detailed budget report on the equipments acquisition and installation will be availed; the potential suppliers and their contacts will be provided for easier referrals. This will be a process aimed at development and enhancement of the working conditions of TAC towards effective coming up with outstanding architectural designs. Introduction TAC is an organisation with a staff of eleven emp loyees: the Chief Executive Officer, Finance Director, Sales Director, 4 Architects, 2 Administration and 2 Architectural Staffs, Engineers. With the transforming global technology, TAC has the objective of providing current and up to date equipment to make their practice more effective. With the provision of effective working computers, communication equipments and the relevant software, TAC will promote its working process and enhance its output. The effectiveness of work in any organization entails following up with the set guidelines and specified channels towards the realisation the desired outcome. The design principle in architecture shows that there are the guidelines that are in use, in architecture to organize and arrange events that take place during construction. The guidelines are made in a far more effective and efficient way with the use of computer application ascertained in this study. There are two workgroups at TAC identified with respect to this study. They inclu de executives, administrators and technical group. The executives will consist of the CEO, the directors and their administration assistants while the technical group constitutes the architects and engineers. With respect to the customer care services, the sales administration assistant will handle the practice with reference to the Sales Director and the Chief Executive. Therefore, the applications regarding the keeping of clients’ data and progress of work with respect to the engineers and architects will be carried out in this office. Thereby, the computer application with respect to this office will entail the use of Micro soft applications like Spreadsheets and Database mostly. The office of the finance director and the Chief Executive will entail determining the financial development and progress of the organization. This is with respect to looking for avenues of business by outsourcing probable clients’ financial solutions (Hill 2005). Further, advising them on the best methods of using their finances to acquire the best designs and, if under financial crises, on how to solve the crisis. Office Plan The office plan for TAC will constitute two departments: the technical and administrative department, all under the same CEO and Directors. There will be an office of the chief executive officer

Importance of Organizational Culture in the work force Term Paper

Importance of Organizational Culture in the work force - Term Paper Example In an environment which is rapidly changing, organizations have started giving a serious thought on how to increase effectiveness within firms. In order to accomplish objectives and goals, organizations are evaluating ways and strategies both for internal and well as external management. Once goals are perfectly aligned with the vision of the company, addressing the cultural type of the organization is essential in order to advance these objectives and goals into actions. A well defined organizational culture also helps in ensuring that necessary changes are successfully implemented. An organization is a platform shared by individuals and teams who perform in a united way with the objective of earning profits for the company as well as the livelihood for them. The working style of each organization is unique and this often ends up contributing to the culture. The beliefs, principles, values and ideologies of an organization constitute its culture. A workplace culture controls employe e behavior within and outside the organization. The overall effectiveness of an organization can be determined through various indicators. Organizational orientation, employee satisfaction, organizational growth performance and organizational culture are few of them. As a result of its influence, organizational culture has started getting importance in business terms and is currently the one of the most analyzed subject for researchers and analysts. In the present study organizational culture will be studied with respect to its various dimensions. Few of the organizational behavior and cultural theories will be discussed in detail. This will helping the overall evaluation will be the base for strategy implementations for managers and business. Culture is known as a wide concept and the various elements differ according to the area of business. Thus, understanding its dimensions and purpose is important for proper implementation of organizational culture in any organization. Many of the success stories link performance with culture of the organization. Organizational culture can be referred as a pattern of shared beliefs and values demonstrated by company employees in their daily behaviors and activities. An organizational cu

Body soul destinction Essay Example for Free

Body soul destinction Essay Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul. Discuss. Humans appear to have both a body and a mind, the body which is related to physical movements and appearances. And the mind which relates to feelings and emotions, qualia. Many philosophers therefore make a distinction between the mind and body, the dualist view that a person is made of two separate substances. On the other hand, some philosophers take a monist/ materialist view that the mind and the body are the same substance. This is a contentious area of philosophy, and has created a debate known as the mind, body problem. Such philosophers as Plato take a dualist view and try to offer evidence to suggest a distinction between the body and soul. Plato saw the body and soul as two separate entities. The soul that most closely resembles the divine and immortal. While the body resembles the human and mortal, which is endlessly changing and can be broken down. Plato was not trying to suggest the soul was perfect as it joined the body which it is inhibited by, however, he explains that by taking care of the soul the person can develop knowledge. Plato used evidence such as the world of the forms. He suggested that by taking care of the soul and ignoring physical pleasures the soul can return to the word of the forms when the body dies. The evidence of Platos theory can be seen everyday. For the body to survive it must meet its basic needs such as food, reproduction and physical pleasure. On the other hand for the mind to be stimulated it has other needs that are met through deep thought and learning. However, there is a flaw to Platos theory, how can you have two completely different substances that are the same thing? Platos theory suggests the body and soul can work together to achieve a higher level of existence, but if the body and soul are completely different there is no evidence to suggest they would be compatible. Another dualist, Aquinas took a more religious view of dualism. He believed that the body and soul were separate and described the soul as that which animates the body or anima. According to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body. Aquinas believed the only things that are divisible into parts decay. The soul is not divisible and therefore on this basis of Aquinas argument it is able to survive death. However, through the link with a particular human body the soul becomes an individual so even when the body dies the soul that departs has an immortal existence. Evidence for religious views on the soul come from the bible. Within the new testament, there are stories of Jesus resurrection that suggest dualism. Within one particular story Jesus disciples are walking to Emaus. Along the way they are joined by a man, it is only when they arrive at Emaus and offer the man a place to eat and stay that he reveals himself as Jesus. This supports the dualist view as firstly, it proves that the soul is immortal and lives on after death, and secondly that the soul is separate from the body as the man who claims to be Jesus appears to be unrecognisable implying he has a different physical appearance. For Christians this will act as firm evidence that there is a body soul distinction, however for those who are not Christian the evidence may not be so reliable. Cartesian duality formed by Rene Descartes, describes the mind and body as being separates and is based on the phrase I think therefore I am. Descartes explained that feelings and sensations cannot be located physically. He accepted that everything non physical is in the mind and therefore must be distinct from the body. The mind according to Descartes is non spatial and is distinct from material and bodily substances. He suggested that everything has characteristics and that the mind and bodys characteristics are different therefore hey must be separate. For example a property of the mind may be consciousness, whereas the body has more aesthetic qualities such as height breadth etc. Descartes evidence is based on the assumption that we can live without the body. He concluded that the body has the job of performing physical activities however, it is the mind that contains our identity. For Descartes the mind is I, that we can live without the body as the mind makes us who we are. Descartes took the religious view that after our death the soul is able to continue and be with God. A mans soul is that to which the pure mental properties of a man belong. Richard Swinburne developed a dualist view based on the soul being indestructible and indivisible. Swinburne suggested that is a logical possibility for a person to exist after the body dies, as the soul lives on. The soul according to Swinburne is linked with mental processes and activity and its independent from the body. Evidence for Swinburnes theory comes from near death experiences. In many instances people have claimed to have had near death experiences whereby their hearts have stopped during surgery and yet they have reported detailed accounts of what happened during the time they were clinically dead. For some this is evidence for consciousness, however if the body and soul is one entity this would be impossible. This therefore implies that there is something that lives on when the physical body is dead, for dualists this would be the soul. On the other hand although the details of the experiences seem to be accurate there is no proof that the experiences may not be caused by another physical phenomena. On the other hand Dawkins, a biological materialist would disagree with the opinion that the soul and the body are separate substances. Dawkins bases his theory on evolution and genetics. He would reject any concept of an eternal soul and therefore rejects dualism. Some of Dawkins work includes the selfish gene and the blind watchmaker Within these he rejects any idea of the religious view of dualism and within the selfish gene he explains that humans are a lucky accident and that all life is opportunistic and humans are merely genetic mutations with the need to mindlessly replicate. Dawkins does not deny human dignity and accepts the complexity of human life to be able to contemplate the origins of human life. The evidence for Dawkins theory of biological materialism is based on DNA. Dawkins explains DNA as a code of instructions that is made up of millions of strands of genetic information. Genes according to Dawkins program who a person is, and it is DNA that singly creates what a person looks like as well as their personality. For Dawkins both the mind and body are controlled by the DNA and therefore he suggests that there is no need for a soul. Although Dawkins theory is based on empirical evidence and it has been proved that certain genes decide certain parts of a persons characteristics there is yet no proof to suggest that genes make up the whole of a someones personality and therefore it could be seen that there may be something else, this may be the soul. John Hick has formed a view of religious materialism. He stated that humans are one composite being, one substance. His theory the replica theory he realised from a religious point of view the problem was continuity. In life after death how can someone be the same person without their body. Therefore Hick suggests that there must be some kind of replica. This replica is the same person however, whilst they cannot exist at the same time. According to Hick at the same time that when a person dies a replica of them is created by God. This is a way of preserving personal identity after death. The evidence for religious materialism is based on the resurrection of Jesus. Some accounts during the new testament describe Jesus after the resurrection and was recognised by followers before ascension. From a religious view this is evidence for the replica theory as it appears that Jesus died and when he came back had the same physical appearance as well as the same personality. Identity theory puts forward a materialist view of the soul. Identity theory is against behaviourism and suggests that the mind and the brain are in the same place. In the brain, consciousness is generated as well as the other physical processes we link with the brain such as movement. Evidence for this is put foreward in the philosophy files. Within the book and analogy explains how if you were to look in the brain you would be able to locate an area that is stimulated and that thoughts must be generated in this area. We already know only 10% of the brains capacity is used consciously and therefore it is a logical assumption that our mind is located within the brain. An analogy for this is that a woman can be a mother, a daughter and a sister etc. The same person can have many functions, it is therefore the same for the brain which as well as having the functions we already recognise such as controlling physical activity, speaking and controlling bodily functions it can also control the mind. Overall, although religious philosophy offers an explanation for the body soul distinction it is based on little empirical evidence. For those who already follow the religion it may fit in with their beliefs however, for those who are atheist of follow another religion the evidence that it uses makes little logical sense. Such dualists views as Plato where the assumptions are based on everyday life may be more appropriate, however there is still little empirical evidence to prove the theory. On the other hand materialists put fore ward convincing arguments based on scientifically testable theories i.e. Dawkins. But neither arguments yet put enough evidence fore ward to either prove their views or disprove that of others. Therefore the statement Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul may be considered as correct, however there is not yet enough evidence to suggest that religious views of dualism cannot be true.

Soft Drink and Market Share Essay Example for Free

Soft Drink and Market Share Essay Using the appropriate tools and processes taught in class, the group is required to develop business strategies for the organization. Guidelines below might help the group to prepare the written report. 1. Identify the firm’s existing vision and mission. Vision Statement 1. â€Å"To be the world’s best beverage company†. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness and value, so that their every customer is contented and happy with their products†. 2. â€Å"To increase the value of their shareholder’s investment through sales growth, cost control and wise investment of resources†. Mision Statement 3. â€Å"To be the world’s premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient food and beverages. We seek to produce healthy financial rewards to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity†. 2. Develop vision and mission statement for the organization (if needed). 3. Identify the organization’s external opportunities and threats. External Opportunities and Threats a) Demographic Factors : †¢ Age †¢ Pepsi should target that age group that consumes it the most and make promotional strategies according to their behavior. So their main target is the young generation. †¢ Education †¢ A company has to make promotional strategies keeping in view the customer level. If the percentage of education is high in a country then through advertisements people can be made well aware of their product and can convey their message easily. Promotional and education has a direct relationship. b) Economic Factors : †¢ Economic Policies †¢ Some of the economic policies which can affect the market of Pepsico, it is a: 1. Fiscal Policy ? It is the policy of taxes. If heavy tax is levied on pepsi then its price will rise having negative affect on its consumption. 2. Monetary Policy ? Is made to restrict or increase the supply of money in the market. If the policies are made to restrict the flow of money in the market, inflation can be controlled hence increasing the real income of the people which will ultimately affect the consumtion of pepsi. 3. Price Policy ? If price of Pepsi is increased its demand will decrease and vice versa. 4. Income Policy ? If income of the people will increase their purchasing power will increase and hence increasing the market share of pepsi. c) Physical Factors : †¢ Region †¢ Marketing and sales of Pepsi is different in different geographical regions. In hot areas its demand is more. †¢ City size †¢ The cities which are densely populated the consumption of Pepsi is more. †¢ Climate †¢ Pepsi is more suitable for hot weathered countries. It is a source of refreshment when a person is thirty due to the hot weather. †¢ Infrastructure †¢ Roads are the basic need for transportation of Pepsi from one place to another. d) Technological Factors : †¢ Research and Development †¢ Through research and development quality of the product can be improved or better techniques or machinery can be developed which can increase the production. When technology experiences growth in their business. e) Political and Legal Factors : †¢ Laws Formulation †¢ Government has given copy right to Pepsico so that another company cannot sell their product by the name Pepsi. The countries where laws are formulated, the strategies and activities of the company are different. †¢ Social Responsibility †¢ Is to provide its customers with clean and hygienic products so to do this they have increased the use of disposable bottles. f) Social and Cultural Factors : †¢ Social Status †¢ Pepsi is a well renowned brand. People who are brand conscious will not drink beverages of lesser known brands. They will try to show their status by drinking Pepsi which is known to all as a quality drink. †¢ Media †¢ It is a very important factor for marketing. Media these days is a very effective can boast up sales to a great extent. g) Competitors †¢ Each of PepsiCo’s division has its close competitors. It has been observed that most of their competitors are single-product line companies, giving them a more direct handle of the industry. †¢ PepsiCo will have to compete with these strong competitors head on in order to maintain its market share. If PepsiCo is not careful enough, its competitors may eat its market share. h) Emerging health / environment †¢ More Consumers are starting to eat and live healthy, but as we can see majority of PepsiCo’s products are not healthy (junk food and soft drinks). 4. Construct an External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix. |EXTERNAL FACTOR ANALYSIS (EFE) MATRIX | |KEY EXTERNAL FACTORS |WEIGHT |RATING |WEIGHTED SCORE | |Opportunities | |Pepsico new products can easily penctrate in the market. |0. 10 |4 |0. 40 | |Noncarbonated drinks are the fastest-growing industry. |0. 12 |3 |0. 36 | |Demand of Pepsi is more than Competitor |0. 07 |3 |0. 21 | |Changing social trends (Fast Foods) |0. 09 |3 |0. 27 | |Internet promotion and ordering processes |0. 05 |1 |0. 05 | |May tie up or liaison with major showrooms, computer centre restaurant |0. 06 |2 |0. 22 | |Threats | |Non-Carbonated substitutes (The Mango Season) |0. 15 |3 |0. 45 | |Baverage industry is mature |0. 11 |4 |0. 44 | |Fake products (Imitators) |0. 09 |2 |0. 18 | |Competitor’s schemes |0. 04 |2 |0. 08 | |Strong competition with Coca-Cola company |0. 12 |2 |0. 24 | |TOTAL |1. 00 | |2. 90 | Assign rating between 1 to 4 for each key external factors : †¢ Poor Response 1 †¢ Average  Response 2 †¢ Above  Average  Response 3 †¢ Superior Respons – 4. 5. Identify the organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses. Internal Factors : Organizational Structure 1. Frito-Lay North America (FLNA) †¢ Frito-Lay North America manufactures, markets, sells and distributes salty and sweet snacks. Products manufactured and sold in North America include Lay’s and Ruffles brand potato chips, Doritos and Tostitos brand tortilla chips, Cheetos brand cheese-flavored snacks, Fritos brand corn chips, a variety of branded dips and salsas and Rold Gold brand pretzels. Low-fat and no-fat versions of several brands are also manufactured and sold in North America. 2. PepsiCo Beverages North America †¢ In recent years sales of non-carbonated beverages have grown steadily. 3. PepsiCo International †¢ Snack food businesses are growing fastest in the Asia pacific region si PI should give attention to these market to avail growth opportunity. †¢ Overall carbonated soft drink market has shown less than 1% growth over the past few years and all that growth is came from diet soft drinks and energy drinks. †¢ Consumer has shown an increasing interest in healthy alternatives to carbonated soft drinks, such as ready-to-drink teas, bottled water, sports drinks and juices. †¢ In 2004 more than one-third of PepsiCo’s sales came from spot (no trans fats) products. Internal Strengths †¢ Company Image : †¢ It also is a reputable and is well known all over world. Perception of producing a high quality product. †¢ Quality Conscious : †¢ They maintain a high quality as Pepsi Cola International collect sample from its different production facilities and send them for lab test in Tokyo. †¢ Good Relation with Franchise : †¢ Throughout its history it has a good relation with franchisers working in different areas of the world where they have the production facilities. †¢ Production Capacity : †¢ It has the highest production capacity in South Asia. †¢ Market Share : †¢ It has a highest market share †¢ Large no. of Diversity Business : †¢ This is also its main strength as it ahs diversity in many businesses such as : i. Pepsi beverages ii. Pepsi foods iii. Pepsi Restaurants. High Tech culture : †¢ The whole culture and business operating environment at Pepsi-Cola-West Asia has quick access to a centralized database an they use computers as business tools for analysis and quick decision making. Internal Weaknesses †¢ Decline in Taste : †¢ During the last years, it was published in Financial post that there has been big complaints from the customers with regard to the bad taste that they experienced during the span of six months. †¢ Political Franchises : †¢ Such as in Pakistan, Hamayun Ahkhtar is its franchisee who has a strong political support from a political party which is in opposition. In their era in government less taxes are imposed on them but relation increases as they come in opposition. So the selection is not appropriate as this thing is harmful to their image as well as the strategies. †¢ Short Term Approach : †¢ They have a lack of emphasis on this in their advertising such as currently when they losses the bid for official drink in the 96 cricket world cup. They started a campaign in which they highlight the factor such as â€Å"nothing official about it†. †¢ Weak Distribution : †¢ They lack behind in catering the rural areas and just concentrating in the urban areas. †¢ Low Consumer Knowledge : †¢ Unable to maximize local consumer knowledge. †¢ Lack of Soft Drink : †¢ Lack of soft drink â€Å"know-how† as a result of diversified business units and generalist managers. 6. Construct Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix. |INTERNAL FACTOR ANALYSIS (IFE) MATRIX | |KEY INTERNAL FACTORS |WEIGHT |RATING |WEIGHTED SCORE | |Strengths | |Strong multinational (Brand Equity) |0. 11 |3 |0. 33 | |Strong vast distribution Channels |0. 10 |4 |0. 40 | |Lack of capital constraints |0. 07 |3 |0. 21 | |Record market share |0. 10 |4 |0. 40 | |Strong brand portfolio |0. 05 |3 |0. 15 | |Aggressiveness in the market (market leader) |0. 06 |3 |0. 18 | |Brand promotion |0. 13 |4 |0. 52 | |Weakness | |Targeting only young customers |0. 10 |2 |0. 20 | |Political franchises |0. 07 |2 |0. 14 | |Centralized decision making |0. 05 |2 |0. 10 | |Decline in taste |0. 08 |1 |0. 08 | |Motivational factor |0. 05 |1 |0. 05 | |Not all products bear the company name |0. 03 |2 |0. 06 | |TOTAL |1. 00 | |2. 82 | Assign rating rate from 1 to 4 for each key internal factors : o Major weakness 1 o Minor weakness 2 o Minor strength 3 o Major strength 4 7. Prepare a Strenght-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Matrix, Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix, Internal-External (IE) Matrix, Grand Strategy Matrix, and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) as appropriate. †¢ Strenght-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Matrix | |STRENGTHS |WEAKNESSES | | |Brand promotion |1. Decline in taste | | |Strong multinational (Brand Equity) |2. Targeting only young customers | | |Record market share |3. Not all products bear the | | |Strong vast distribution Channels |company name | | |Lack of capital constraints |4. Motivational factor | | |Aggressiveness in the market (Market Leader) |5. Political Franchises | | |Strong brand portfolio |6. Centralized decision making | |OPPORTUNITIES |S – O STRATEGIES |W – O STRATEGIES | |1. PepsiCo new products can easily |S1, S2, S3, O2, O3, O4 |W2, O2 | |penetrate in the market |Company can introduce new product or non- |By introducing non-carbonated drinks Pepsi| |2. Noncarbonated drinks are the fastest- |carbonated drinks because it have good brand |can capture different age groups. | |growing industry |equity, large resources | | |3. Changing social trends (Fast Food) |S4, O5, O3 | | |4. Demand of Pepsi is more than of |By having good distribution channel co. Can | | |Competitor |focus easily fast food restaurants, clubs. | | |5. May tie up or liaison with major |. | | |showrooms, computer centers restaurant | | | |6. Internet promotion ordering | | | |processes | | | |THREATS |S – T STRATEGIES |W – T STRATEGIES | |1. Non-carbonated substitutes (The |S4, S5, T1, T3 |W1, T3 | |Mango Season) |Because company has financial recourses and |By improving the taste quality company | |2. Fake products (Imitators) |distribution channel therefore it can produce|can reposition its products can take long | |3. Beverage industry is mature |non-carbonated drinks. |term position on maturity stage. | |4. Strong competition with Coca- | | | |Cola company | | |. †¢ Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix o Competitive Advantage ? Brand recognition- 3. 00 ? Large market share- 2. 00 -11. 00 = 2. 75 ? Wide distribution channel- 1. 00 4 ? Customer loyalty- 5. 00 11. 00 o Financial Strength ? Inventory turnover+ 7. 00 ? Return on asset+ 2. 00 + 12. 00 = + 4. 00 ? Net income+ 3. 00 3 + 12. 00 o Industrial Strength ? High industry growth rate+ 6. 00 ? Profit potential+ 4. 00 +15. 00= +3. 75 ? Financial stability+ 3. 00 4 ? Resource utilization+ 2. 00 + 15. 00 o Environmental Stability ? Economic stability- 2. 00 ? Barrier to entry- 1. 00- 7. 00 = 2. 33? Competitive pressure- 4. 00 3 7. 00 Coordinate –x ( CA + IS )= 2. 75 + ( + 3. 75) = + 1. 00 Coordinate – y ( FS + ES ) = 2. 33 + ( + 4. 00) = + 1. 67 |   | | | |Strong |Average |Weak | | |4. 0 |3. 0 |2. 0 |1. 0 | |The EFE Total Weighted | | | | | |Score | | | | | | |High |i |ii |iii | | |3. 0 | | | | | |Medium |iv |v |vi | | |2. 0 | | | | | |Low |vii |viii |ix | | |1. 0 | | | | IFE Score = 2. 82 EFE Score = 2. 90 ** At the v place = Hold Maintain †¢ Grand Strategy Matrix |RAPID MARKET GROWTH | |WEAK COMPETITIVE |Quadrant II |Quadrant I |STRONG COMPETITIVE. |POSITION | |market development |POSITION | | ||market penetration | | | | |product development | | | | |backward integration | | | | |forward integration | | | | |horizontal integration | | | | |related diversification | | | |Quadrant III |Quadrant IV | | |SLOW MARKET GROWTH | †¢ Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) as appropriate | |STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES | |KEY FACTORS |WEIGHT |Non Carbonated product |Tie up with Resturants, | | | | |Clubs, Showrooms | |STRENGTHS | |AS |TAS |AS |TAS | |Strong multinational (brand equity) |0. 11 |3 |0. 33 |2 |0. 22 | |Strong vast distribution channels |0. 10 |2 |0. 20 |3 |0. 30 | |Lack of capital constraints |0.07 |4 |0. 28 |1 |0. 07. Record market share |0. 10 |1 |0. 10 |3 |0. 30 | |Strong brand portfolio |0. 05 |2 |0. 10 |3 |0. 15 | |Aggressiveness in the market (market leader) |0. 06 |3 |0. 18 |4 |0. 24 | |Brand promotion |0. 13 |2 |0. 26 |4 |0. 52 | |WEAKNESS | | | | | | |Targeting only young customers |0. 10 |3 |0. 30 |2 |0. 20 | |Political franchises |0. 07 |- |- |- |- | |Centralized decision making |0. 05 |- |- |- |- | |Decline in taste |0. 08 |3 |0. 64 |2 |0. 16 | |Motivational factor |0. 05 |1 |0. 05 |2 |0. 10 | |Not all products bear the company name |0. 03 |1 |0. 03 |3 |0. 09 | | |1. 00 | | | |. | | | | | | | | |OPPORTUNITY | | | | | | |New products can easily penetrate in the market |0. 10 |4 |0. 40 |1 |0. 10 | |Noncarbonated drinks are the fastest-growing industry |0. 12 |4 |0. 48 |3 |0. 36 | |Demand of pepsi is more than of competitor |0. 07 |2 |0. 14 |4 |0. 28 | |Changing social trends (fast foods) |0. 09 |2 |0. 18 |4 |0. 36 | |Internet promotion and ordering processes |0. 05 |2 |0. 10 |3 |0. 15 | |Tie up or liaison with major showrooms restaurant |0. 06 |1 |0. 06 |3 |0. 18 | |THREATS | | | | | | |Non-carbonated substitutes (the mango season) |0. 15 |4 |0. 60 |2 |0. 30 | |Baverage industry is mature |0. 11 |3 |0. 33 |2 |0. 22 | |Fake products (imitators) |0. 09 |1 |0. 09 |2 |0. 18 | |Competitor’s schemes |0. 04 |1 |0. 16 |3 |0. 12 | |Strong competition with Coca-Cola company |0. 12 |2 |0. 24 |3 |0. 36 | | |1. 00 | |5. 25 | |4. 96 | 8. Provide two recommendations for the organization i. e. , strategies. Support your recommendations. †¢ Out of the many strategic alternatives that PepsiCo could choose to follow, we have chosen to endorse one that fosters continued growth and diversification. Although their over-diversified portfolio has hindered their International Growth, these strategies strengthen their overall corporate worth and market presence domestically. †¢ As consultants for PepsiCo, we are making the following recommendations: 1. Pepsi should focus on increasing sales globally to compete effectively with Coke. They have been beaten badly in some markets, and need to focus more on un-tapped areas. 2. Continue to diversify their beverage selection through acquisitions. This will enable PepsiCo to combat the decreased interest in cola. Going along with this, PepsiCo needs to ensure that they can properly manage all of these acquired companies and should divest those that show limited potential.

Implications of Chinas Rapid Economic Development

Implications of Chinas Rapid Economic Development Global firm and global business environment If current trends continue, China may be the world’s largest economy by 2050. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for: The world trading system The main implication of China’s economic rise is that China has become a major engine of global economic and trade growth. From 2000–2005, China’s economic growth has averaged 9.5 percent in real terms; but its imports have tripled from $225 billion in 2000 to $660 billion in 2005 (Bergsten et al, 2006). As a result of this, China alone has accounted for about 12 percent of the growth of global trade, an impressively high share given that in 2000 it accounted for less than 4 percent of global trade. Indeed, although China’s economy is a small fraction of that of the United States, in the first half of this decade, China’s trade grew so fast that it contributed half again as much as the United States to the expansion of global trade. As a result, should China’s economy begin to approach, and even overtake, the United States as the world’s largest economy, global trade would potentially see a corresponding, albeit disproportionately, lar ge increase in size. However, running counter to this is that China’s massive trade surpluses, most notably a $202 billion surplus with the United States (Bergsten et al, 2006), hugely exacerbate political frictions in several developed nations. This has led to pervasive pressures being brought in many countries to reduce their dependence on cheap, labour-intensive Chinese imports; and to redress the balance of these surpluses. Should China’s economy grow to surpass the US, these pressures may become unbearable, and protectionist measures may win support in many nations. This would undoubtedly harm the global trading system however it would be likely to make a fatal impact because, as several countries have found with the US, if you want to participate in global trade, you have to be willing to deal with the biggest economy. The world monetary system China’s monetary policy currently presents two major issues for the world monetary system. Firstly, due to China’s fixed peg to the U.S. dollar, the renminbi has depreciated on a real trade-weighted basis since the start of 2002 when the value of the dollar began to depreciate significantly when compared to major currencies such as the euro (Bergsten et al, 2006). Second, even though China’s productivity growth has slowed somewhat in recent years, the fact that it still exceeds its trade partners’ average, when combined with the artificial peg to the dollar, makes its goods disproportionately more competitive in global markets. As China’s economy grows ever larger, and the US trade deficit continues to worsen, the demand for the dollar will fall further. This, combined with China’s position as the country with the world’s second largest surplus country, should lead China to allow its currency to appreciate against the dollar, and thus transition to a growth path driven more by domestic consumption than by farther increases in its external surplus, which is already far too large for the rest of the world to accept. If China were to allow its currency to appreciate significantly it likely would lead to the desired general appreciation of Asian currencies relative to the dollar, and would thus increase China’s importance in a world monetary system no longer dominated by the dollar and the euro. Moreover, if China allows the renminbi to appreciate, it reduces the risk of stimulating a harmful protectionist response in the United States, and perhaps elsewhere. The business strategy of today’s European and U.S. based global corporations. As China’s economy becomes ever more important, global corporations will have to deal with China and Chinese companies and consumers if they wish to remain globally competitive. However, China’s internal competitive pressures will grow ever stronger, with several firms manufacturing similar products and local firms becoming stronger players. Consequently, before a multinational firm can introduce a new product to China, it must first evaluate every aspect of its homegrown marketing strategy to see where adaptations may be necessary, especially if a firm is entering China with a culturally specific product, such as automobiles, foods or clothing (Dayal-Gulati and Lee, 2004). As China’s cultural norms are so different from those in the West, global corporations will increasingly create whole business divisions devoted to tapping into the Chinese market, and will seek strategic alliances with local businesses to benefit from their knowledge. Equally, as China’s economy grows, increasing numbers of global corporations will begin basing more of their operations in China to take advantage of the strength of the local economy and the relatively low wage rates. However, this will not necessarily be a fundamental shift, and will likely fit into many of these corporations’ existing global strategies of having separate offices for Europe, America, Australasia etc. Global commodity prices China’s rise has important distributional implications for the global economy. Its massive exports of labor-intensive goods have led to significant declines in the relative prices of those goods. This, in turn, has put downward pressure on the relative wages of unskilled workers, even in advanced industrial economies. The other side of the coin is that China’s imports are mostly skill- and capital-intensive investment goods, and commodities. Thus China’s burgeoning import demand is raising the relative wages of skilled labor, the profit share of output, and commodity prices. Should the Chinese economy grow to match that of the US, without shifting its balance away from labor-intensive manufacturing, global commodity prices could rise significantly as Chinese demand for these commodities continues to rise. However, as China’s economy continues to grow, and if political resistance to its export policies remains strong, China may well look to shift its economy away from resource heavy manufacturing, into the skill- and capital-intensive investment goods and services. This shift may also be driven by China’s desire to reduce its dependence on the US, Japan Taiwan and South Korea, who supply almost 45% of Chinese imports, primarily electrical machinery and professional and scientific equipment (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007). Again, in this area it may be political pressures, rather than economic, that prove to be most pervasive. References Bergsten, C. F. Gill, B. Lardy, N. R. and Mitchell, D. (2006) China: The Balance Sheet: What the World Needs to Know Now About the Emerging Superpower. PublicAffairs. Dayal-Gulati, A. and Lee, A. Y. (eds) (2004) Kellogg on China: Strategies for Success. Kogan Page. Economist Intelligence Unit (2007) Country Report China. The Economist.

The Show I Love Lucy Essay -- Television 1950s

We are all here for a spell, get all the good laughs you can. –- Will Rogers Television’s rise in popularity throughout the fifties saw the emergence of the situation comedy, a style that captivated audiences by presenting a story with a beginning, a middle, and a happy end. One of the most popular of these shows, I Love Lucy, continues to appeal to both young and old some forty years later -- and counting. For most people, the answer to how I Love Lucy continually and effectively draws viewers to the screen is that "It’s funny." There is more to this funny show than meets the eye. For television viewers of the fifties, Lucy and Ricky could have been familiar neighbors from down the street. People could relate to this young couple, the Ricardos, who were experiencing the trials and tribulations of marriage as typical Americans were. They lived in a modest brownstone in Manhattan with common worries such as paying the rent and affording new household commodities. The humor came when ordinary situations were exaggerated as Lucy managed to get herself into trouble time and time again, and proceeded to untangle herself from the mess. Ricky, her husband, would often discover -- and thwart -- her numerous schemes, and the best friends, Fred and Ethel Mertz, somehow managed to get involved as well. The zany redhead and the thick-accented Cuban were an oddly-matched pair, not only as a comedy team but as a married couple too. The combination of these factors yielded a television show that portrayed situations that average Americans could identify with. The luck of having talent is not enough; one must also have a talent for luck. -- Hector Berlioz Undoubtedly, Lucille Ball carried the show with her impeccable comedic timing an... ...ll be a "funny" show. Since we said, 'I do,' there are so many things we don't. –- Lucy Ricardo Bibliography Andrews, Bart and Watson, Thomas. LOVING LUCY: AN ILLUSTRATED TRIBUTE. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980. Andrews, Bart. THE "I LOVE LUCY" BOOK. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1985. Brady, Kathleen. THE LIFE OF LUCILLE BALL. New York: Hyperion Publishing, 1994. Halberstam, David. THE FIFTIES. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993. Marc, David and Thomson, Robert. PRIME TIME, PRIME MOVERS. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. Morella, Joe and Epstein, Edward. FOREVER LUCY. New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1986. Oppenheimer, Jess. LAUGHS, LUCK...AND LUCY. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Sanders, Coyne Steven and Gilbert, Tom. DESILU: THE STORY OF LUCILLE BALL AND DESI ARNAZ. New York: William and Morrow Company, Inc., 1993.

Discuss Your Goals For The Next Four Years And Comment On Your Post-co :: essays research papers

Discuss Your Goals For the Next Four Years and Comment on Your Post-College Plans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Next stop, 66th Street and Lincoln Center, † bellowed the cracked voice of the conductor over the loudspeaker. Those words rang in my ear like the notes of a familiar melody. Stepping off the number three train, I was immediately immersed in the scents, sounds and faces of my past. All the wonderful memories of those four years came rushing back into my mind as if they had just occurred. I was finally returning to my birthplace, my home, my origin; my Fordham University.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I arrived at the campus the first person I saw was my former acting instructor, the great Larry Sacharow. Just seeing him set me awestruck with happiness; it was in his class that my career really took off. â€Å"Professor Sacharow,† I shouted, over the hustle and bustle of the crowded city sidewalk. We finally caught up to each other and exchanged blissful remarks. We spoke of all the wonderful things which have been happening since I successfully completed his class in my sophomore year and how I was offered a spot in Les Miserables and how the references and contacts he gave me opened countless windows of opportunity. One of his references led me back to my high school where I am now teaching a college theatre preparatory course for the 12th grade. He was ecstatic! I couldn't express to him enough how much I enjoyed his class and all the lectures and theatre games we played. It is those little things that I remember most.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After our joyful trip down memory lane, Professor Sacharow (who preferred me to call him Larry which I just couldn't do out of plain respect) led me into the lobby of the residence hall where a mural of myself hung on the east wall. I remember the day the university dedicated that lobby to me for my outstanding achievement. My friends and I had led a fund rally for the school to raise money for the many programs which would be affected by the enormous tax hike in the fall of ‘99. We eventually raised over five million dollars for the university and prevented the cutting of many of the school's fine programs. My fellow thespians, Susan, Richard and the rest of the Theater Acting III class, told the President of what I had organized and how successful it had been. The marvelous mural and dedication was a token of the university's gratitude. I was brought to tears. I felt that this wasn't only the work of myself, but of

The Revolutionary Visions of William Blake Essay -- church, society, lo

Between the late 18th century and early 19th century catholic religion was based off of the old testament in the Bible. During this time there was also a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment. While in this period, people began to rise against and question the way their lives were being ran by others, who supposedly had power which was derived from God himself. Yet at this time peoplesuch as William Blake found ways to spread the message of the unjust treatment the people would receive from hypocritical clergyman.As a youngman Blake only attened school long enough to learn to read and write, and left aroung the aage of ten. Blake grew up in the Moravian Church (protestant), and found religion to be an early/everlasting part of his life.Blake became a poet and artist, using his mediums lorg express his views on certain .Because of Blakes view that the Church of England was a major oppressor of the natural joys in which society can and should have, many viewed his work as too radical for the time period.Blake utilizes recurrent themes within his poetry; such as â€Å"The Garden of Love†,†Chimney Sweeper (Innocence)†,†Chimney Sweeper (Experience)†, and â€Å"London†, as a method of spreading his views of current religious establishments and their effects on the society which breeds them (at the time, and somewhat today). (Tolson 373,375) In the Garden of Love,a narrator goes on an adventure to a place where he once knew happiness. This place is now overran with religious figures, whom place restrictions on this place of joy.Till the point that the joy is taken away from this place, and the narrator. Blake uses this poem to show that the pursuit of happyness was being hindered by those wit... ...ossession. Going even further joy is an emotion, and to have it means to internalize the feeling of joy. By that logic Blake internalizes Jesus. Works Cited Altizer, T. J. J. (2009), THE REVOLUTIONARY VISION OF WILLIAM BLAKE. Journal of Religious Ethics, 37: 33–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9795.2008.00374.x Cervo, Nathan A. "Blake's THE GARDEN OF LOVE." Explicator 59.3 (2001): 121. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 May 2014. Lambert Jr., Stephen. "Blake's London." Explicator 53.3 (1995): 141. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 May 2014. Roberts, J. and Rowland, C. (2010) William Blake, in The Blackwell Companion to the Bible in English Literature (eds R. Lemon, E. Mason, J. Roberts and C. Rowland), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK. doi: 10.1002/9781444324174.ch26 Tolson, Jay. "Blake: A Biography." The Wilson Quarterly 20.3 (1996): 96. Biography in Context. Web. 2 May 2014.

Issues Of Environmental Degradation Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental debasement is a procedure through which the natural environment is compromised in some manner, cut downing biological diverseness and the general wellness of the environment. This procedure can be wholly natural in beginning, or it can be accelerated or caused by human activities. Many international organisations recognize environmental debasement as one of the major menaces confronting the planet, since worlds have merely been given one Earth to work with, and if the environment becomes irreparably compromised, it could intend the terminal of human being. One of the major menace the planet faces today, environmental debasement, is bound to do life hard for all the life signifiers, including human existences, now or subsequently. Surveies by some of the high organisations reveal that the impairment of environment is happening at an dismaying rate. In fact, the High Level Threat Panel of the United Nations has enlisted environmental debasement as one of the 10 menaces fo r us. This issue portions infinite with jobs like poorness, terrorist act and civil war in the list, and this itself highlights the fact that we are heading for a certain catastrophe. It is defined as a procedure wherein the natural environment of the planet is degenerated to such an extent, that the biodiversity and the general wellness of the planet is subjected to drastic decrease. In other words, this phenomenon can be defined as impairment of the Earth ‘s natural milieus as a consequence of inordinate development of the available resources. These resources include H2O, air, vegetation, zoology, dirt etc. Basically, the life on the planet is interwoven to such an extent that a lessening in a peculiar property triggers a Domino consequence on all the other properties dependent on it. ItA is the devastation ofA ecosystems and the extinction ofA wildlife. It is defined as any alteration or perturbation to the environment perceived to be hurtful or unwanted. Environmental debasement is one of theA Ten ThreatsA officially cautioned by theA High Level Threat PanelA of theA United Nations. Fig,1 Showing pollution from chimneysCauses:Environmental debasement is a consequence of the dynamic inters play of socio-economic, institutional and technological activities. Environmental debasement can be attributed to assorted human activities, every bit good as some natural procedures, with the later holding an undistinguished portion. Most of the resources on the planet are vulnerable to depletion, and the rates at which we are working them have already brought some of them to the threshold of exhaustion. Exploitation of theA dodo fuelsA is the best illustration of this phenomenon. Large scale development has depleted the dodo fuel militias across the universe, therefore go forthing us with no option but to happen an alternate beginning of energy. Other human activities which have been lending to environmental debasement include urbanisation, overpopulation, A deforestation, pollution, hunting, etc. Environmental alterations may be driven by many factors including economic growing, population growing, urbanisation, intensification of agribusiness, lifting energy usage and transit. Poverty still remains a job at the root of several environmental jobs.Social Factors:PopulationPopulation is an of import beginning of development, yet it is a major beginning of environmental debasement when it exceeds the threshold bounds of the support systems. Unless the relationship between the multiplying population and the life support system can be stabilized, development programmes, howsoever, advanced are non likely to give coveted consequences. Population impacts on the environment chiefly through the usage of natural resources and production of wastes and is associated with environmental emphasiss like loss of biodiversity, air and H2O pollution and increased force per unit area on cultivable land. Fig.2 Population in India India supports 17 per cent of the universe population on merely 2.4 per cent of universe land country. Its current rate of population growing at 1.85 per cent continues to present a relentless population challenge. In position of the linkages between population and environment, a vigorous thrust for population control need barely be over emphatic.PovertyPoverty is said to be both cause and consequence of environmental debasement. The round nexus between poorness and environment is an highly complex phenomenon. Inequality may further unsustainability because the hapless, who rely on natural resources more than the rich, deplete natural resources faster as they have no existent chances of deriving entree to other types of resources. Furthermore, degraded environment can speed up the procedure of poverty, once more because the hapless depend straight on natural assets. Although there has been a important bead in the poorness ratio in the state from 55 per centum in 1973 to 36 per centum in 1993-94, the absolute figure of hapless have, nevertheless, remained changeless at around 320 million over the old ages. Acceleration in poorness relief is imperative to interrupt this nexus between poorness and the environment.UrbanizationLack of chances for paid employment in small towns and the ecological emphasiss is taking to an of all time increasing motion of hapless households to towns. Mega metropoliss are emerging and urban slums are spread outing. There has been an octuple addition in urban population over 1901-1991. During the past two decennaries of 1971-91, India ‘s urban population has doubled from 109 million to 218 million and is estimated to make 300 million by 2000 AD. Such rapid and unplanned enlargement of metropoliss has resulted in debasement of urban environment. It has widened the spread between demand and supply of infrastructural services such as energy, lodging, conveyance, communicating, instruction, H2O supply and sewage and recreational comfortss, therefore consuming the cherished environmental resource base of the metropoliss. The consequence is the turning tendency in impairment of air and H2O quality, coevals of wastes, the proliferation of slums and unwanted land usage alterations, all of which contribute to urban poorness.Economic FactorsTo a big extent, environmental debasement is the consequence of market failure, that is, the non existent or ill functioning markets for environmental goods and services. In this context, environmental debasement is a peculiar instance of ingestion or production outwardnesss reflected by divergency between private and societal costs ( or benefits ) . Lack of good defined belongings rights may be on e of the grounds for such market failure. On the other manus, Market deformations created by monetary value controls and subsidies may worsen the accomplishment of environmental aims. The degree and form of economic development besides affect the nature of environmental jobs. India ‘s development aims have systematically emphasized the publicity of policies and programmes for economic growing and societal public assistance. Between 1994-95 and 1997-98, the Indian economic system has grown a small over 7 per cent per annum: the growing of industrial production and fabrication averaging higher at 8.4 per cent and 8.9 per cent severally during these old ages. The fabricating engineering adopted by most of the industries has placed a heavy burden on environment particularly through intensive resource and energy usage, as is apparent in natural resource depletion ( fossil fuel, minerals, lumber ) , H2O, air and land taint, wellness jeopardies and debasement of natural eco-systems. With high proportion dodo fuel as the chief beginning of industrial energy and major air fouling industries such as Fe and steel, fertilisers and cement growth, industrial beginnings ha ve contributed to a comparatively high portion in air pollution. Large measures of industrial and risky wastes brought approximately by enlargement of chemical based industry have compounded the wastes direction job with serious environmental wellness deductions. Conveyance activities have a broad assortment of effects on the environment such as air pollution, noise from route traffic and oil spills from marine transportation. Transport substructure in India has expanded well in footings of web and services. Thus, route conveyance histories for a major portion of air pollution burden in metropoliss such as Delhi. Port and harbor undertakings chiefly impact on sensitive coastal eco systems. Their building affects hydrology, surface H2O quality, piscaries, coral reefs and Rhizophora mangles to changing grades. Direct impacts of agricultural development on the environment arise from farming activities which contribute to dirty eroding, land salination and loss of foods. The spread of green revolution has been accompanied by over development of land and H2O resources, and usage of fertilisers and pesticides have increased many fold. Switching cultivation has besides been an of import cause of land debasement. Leaching from extended usage of pesticides and fertilisers is an of import beginning of taint of H2O organic structures. Intensive agribusiness and irrigation contribute to set down debasement peculiarly salination, alkalization and H2O logging.Institutional FactorsThe Ministry of Environment & A ; Forests ( MOEF ) in the Government is responsible for protection, preservation and development of environment. The Ministry works in close coaction with other Ministries, State Governments, Pollution Control Boards and a figure of scientific and proficient establishments, universities, non-Go vernmental organisations etc. Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 is the cardinal statute law regulating environment direction. Other of import statute laws in the country include the Forest ( Conservation ) Act, 1980 and the Wildlife ( Protection ) Act, 1972. The failing of the bing system lies in the enforcement capablenesss of environmental establishments, both at the Centre and the province. There is no effectual coordination amongst assorted Ministries/Institutions sing integrating of environmental concerns at the inception/planning phase of the undertaking. Current policies are besides fragmented across several Government bureaus with differing policy authorizations. Lack of trained forces and comprehensive database delay many undertakings. Most of the State Government establishments are comparatively little enduring from insufficiency of proficient staff and resources. Although overall quality of Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) surveies and the effectual execution of the EIA procedure have improved over the old ages ; institutional beef uping steps such as preparation of cardinal professionals and staffing with proper proficient individuals are needed to do the EIA process a more effectual instrument for environment protection and sustainable development.Habitat FragmentationHabitat atomization carries long term environmental impacts some of which can destruct full ecosystems. An ecosystem is a distinguishable unit and includes all the life and inanimate elements that reside within it. Plants and animate beings are obvious members, but it will besides include other constituents on which they rely on such as watercourses, lakes, and dirts. Habitats become disconnected when development breaks up solid stretches of land. Examples include roads which may cut through woods or even trails which wind through prairies. While it may non sound all bad on the surface, there are serious effects. Some wildlife species require big stretches of land in order to run into all of their demands for nutrient, home ground, and other resources. These animate beings are called country medium. When the environment is fragmented, the big spots of home ground no longer exist. It becomes more hard for the wildlife to acquire the resources they to last, perchance going threatened or endangered. The environment suffers without the animate beings that play their function in the nutrient web. A more critical consequence is land perturbation. Many weedy works species such as garlic mustard and violet loosestrife are both timeserving and invasive. A breach in the home ground gives them an chance to take clasp. These aggressive workss can take over an environment, displacing the native vegetation. The consequence is habitat with a individual dominant works which does n't supply adequate nutrient resources for all the wildlife. Entire ecosystems are threatened with extinction. Some weeds are so invasive and aggressive that they are declared noxious by the federal or province authoritiess to forestall them from destructing good countries. The cultivation or even the sale of noxious weeds is prohibited by jurisprudence. Soil eroding and desertification: A The development of the fertile top-soil takes centuries. But, it can be removed really easy due to human activities like over-cultivation, unrestricted graze, deforestation and hapless irrigation patterns, ensuing in waterless spots of land. When big waste spots extend and run into over clip, a desert is created. Internationally, it has been recognized that desertification is a major job presents, peculiarly due to increased urbanisation.Water logging and dirt salt:Irrigation without proper drainage of H2O leads to H2O logging in the dirt. Besides impacting the harvests, H2O logging draws salt to the surface of the dirt. The salt so is deposited as a thin crust on the land surface or starts roll uping at the roots of the plants.A A A A A This increased salt content is unfriendly to the growing of harvests and is highly detrimental to agriculture. A Water logging and dirt salt are some of the jobs that have come in the aftermath of the Green Revolution. Inappropriate land usage can take to dirty debasement. Bad farming techniques are frequently responsible for land debasement. Leaving Fieldss bare, or plowing them up and down the sides of a hill can do terrible dirt eroding when it rains to a great extent as the dirt has nil maintaining it in topographic point. When the left over parts of harvests and carnal manure are ploughed back into the dirt they serve to refill and fertilise it. However, if the harvests are cut to be fed to animate beings and the manure is burnt as a fuel, the dirt will hold no manner of refilling itself, and lessenings in birthrate. Sometimes landholders make alterations in the manner they use the land in an effort to do the land more productive, but frequently these alterations damage the land and really do it less productive.Effectss:When mills produce harmful chemicals and toxic waste into organic structures of H2O, worlds suffer. Pesticides and fertilisers can besides acquire into a part ‘s H2O system and foul it. Drinking H2O is contaminated. Some shacking in third-world states are extremely affected by the debasement of our planet and these unhealthy patterns cause the followers: Illnesss Death in kids Death in grownups More late environmental debasement effects are going more and more obvious in signifier of scope ofA environmental issuesA impacting the planet. The risky waste let out by the industries tends to pollute the H2O organic structures in the locality, therefore go forthing the H2O unfit for imbibing. Similarly, A nursery gases, such as Chlorofluorocarbons and C dioxide, allow out in the ambiance have a annihilating consequence on the environment, therefore doing the planet vulnerable to a scope of jobs, includingA planetary warmingA andA clime alteration. Worlds have rarely sacrificed their basic necessities, but recently development of resources to carry through these basic necessities itself is taking a toll on the environment.The effects of the major environmental jobs on both wellness and productiveness are:a. Water pollution and H2O scarceness: As per the appraisal of UN, more than two million deceases and one million millions of unwellnesss a twelvemonth are attributable to H2O pollution. Water scarceness compounds these wellness jobs. Productivity is affected by the costs of supplying safe H2O, by restraints on economic activity caused by H2O deficits, and by the inauspicious effects of H2O pollution and deficits on other environmental resources such as, worsening piscaries and aquifer depletion taking to irreversible compression. Fig. 3 Water pollutionb.A Air pollution:As per the appraisal of UN, urban air pollution is responsible for 300,000-700,000 deceases yearly and creates chronic wellness jobs for many more people. Restrictions on vehicles and industrial activity during critical periods affect productiveness, as does the consequence of acid rain on woods and H2O organic structures.c.A Solid and risky wastes:Diseases are spread by ungathered refuse and blocked drains ; the wellness hazards from risky wastes are typically more localised, but frequently acute. Wastes affect productiveness through the pollution of groundwater resources.d.A Soil debasement:Depleted soils addition the hazards of malnutrition for husbandmans. Productivity losingss on tropical dirts are estimated to be in the scope of 0.5-1.5 per cent of GNP, while secondary productiveness losingss are due to siltation of reservoirs, transit channels and other hydrologic investings. Fig. 4 Land debasemente. Deforestation:Death and disease can ensue from the localised implosion therapy caused by deforestation. Loss of sustainable logging possible and of eroding bar, watershed stableness and C segregation provided by woods are among the productiveness impacts of deforestation.f. Loss of biodiversity:The extinction of works and animate being species will potentially impact the development of new drugs ; it will cut down ecosystem adaptability and lead to the loss of familial resources.g. Atmospheric alterations:Ozone depletion is responsible for possibly 300,000 extra instances of tegument malignant neoplastic disease a twelvemonth and 1.7 million instances of cataracts. Global heating may take to increase in the hazard of climatic natural catastrophes. Productivity impacts may include sea-rise harm to coastal investings, regional alterations in agricultural productiveness and break of the marine nutrient concatenation.h. Poverty:In many states in Africa, harvest c rops are falling as ingestion additions. Peoples are happening less alimentary nutrient to eat. One statement held is that while Fieldss in wealthier states are used to turn harvests forA biofuel, poorer states, particularly those around the Equator, are vulnerable to endure alterations, H2O deficits, and urbanisation. All of these factors are increasing the wellness and lives of 1000s. Some scientists and conservationists are inquiring that non-food points and agribusiness waste be used as alternate fuel for vehicles alternatively.i.Losing Earth ‘s Beauty:As worlds dump waste merchandises, usage chemicals, and over fish in the oceans and seas, countries of beauty such asA coral reefsA are damaged. At times the devastation is so great that is can non be reversed. We are killing our planet and the effects are enormous. One illustration of this lies within the seashore lands of Thailand. Here marine and coastal resources at hazard. Vast countries of Rhizophora mangle wetlands have been lost. Coral reefs continue to endure debasement, and the entire fish available for catching is worsening. Not merely is the debasement doing Marine and coastal resources to be lost, but this issue holds big economic jobs. When there are non plenty fish to catch, fishermen are without income to back up themselves and their households. In some coastal towns, the shores are gnawing at a rate of one to five metres per twelvemonth. This consequences in an one-year loss of more than six billion ticals ( $ 150 million ) in economic footings.Decision:A The impact of environmental catastrophes can be lay waste toing on the societal, economic, and environmental systems of a state or part every bit good as the planetary ecosystem. Environmental catastrophes do non acknowledge semisynthetic boundary lines, and endanger the beques t left to future coevalss of a clean and supportive environment. Because of the mutuality of Earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to forestall, and when catastrophe work stoppages, respond to alleviate rapidly and efficaciously the effects of environmental catastrophes. Therefore, Governments, International organisations and communities must work together – at all degrees – to decrease the hazards associated with environmental debasement and its contributing factors, such as clime alteration, and guarantee that vulnerable people are prepared to last and accommodate. At the same clip, companies, organisations and persons must besides guarantee that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable.Types of environmental debasement:There are many different types of environmental debasement. Some of the chief types in Namibia are soil eroding, deforestation, bush invasion, desertification and salinisation. Soil eroding Soil eroding is the gradual have oning off of dirt by either physical dislocation or chemical solution which is so transported away by agencies of H2O, air current or ice to another location. Soil eroding is the taking cause of harm to our dirts, go forthing them wastes and finally less productive. It can take centuries to make merely a few centimetres of dirt and merely a few minutes to destruct the same few centimetres. Today the rate of eroding has been speeded up by human activities. Consequently doing dirt eroding an ever-increasing job. Soil eroding consequences from the ways that people use the land. Practices such as tree felling cause deforestation, and can take to dirty eroding. The removed trees would normally guard the dirt from rain and air current as their roots hold the dirt in topographic point. Additionally many land proprietors cut down trees to make infinite in which to works harvests and rise animate beings which finally can take to dirty eroding.Soil salinisationThis is a type of environmental debasement that is peculiarly common in of course dry countries that undergo irrigation and do non let for any fallow periods for the land to retrieve. Irrigati on strategies are set up to supply a changeless flow of H2O to dry lands so that harvests can be grown. However when irrigation systems are severely designed the consequences can be black. The irrigation causes the water-table degree to lift conveying natural salts to the surface. The salts cause jobs as they restrict the root activity of the works and hence decelerate down its growing. In countries with high rates of vaporization the salts go even more concentrated. The concluding consequence is that the dirts are excessively piquant for workss to be able to turn in them and the debauched land has to be abandoned. Soils which have been affected by salinisation are really hard and expensive to rehabilitate and frequently remain fresh and abandoned.DesertificationDesertification occurs when productive lands are turned into non-productive desert as a consequence of hapless land-management. This by and large occurs in semi-arid countries such as Namibia. ( See the Information Sheet on Desertification )DeforestationThis is the lasting devastation of autochthonal woods and forests which consequences in a loss of natural resources every bit good as a protective barrier for surface soil. ( See the Information Sheet on Deforestation )Bush InvasionBush invasion happens where woody flora gets so thick that it threatens farming lands. Bush invasion happens because woody flora and grasses have different growing rates taking the woody flora to take over and r ule a piece of land. Before the debut of domestic farm animal, the balance between grasses and woody flora would hold been kept in cheque by fires and game. This would hold resulted in an African Savannah dominated by grass with merely a few scattered trees. With the debut of farm animal the balance was upset. Most of the game was eliminated and selective grazers were brought in. Fire eruptions have besides been eliminated every bit far as possible due to human intercession. This means that grasses are to a great extent eaten but the trees which are normally controlled by fires, continue to turn. The consequence is a displacement in the balance in favour of trees and woody flora. Since the growing of grass is limited the dirt is mostly left bare doing it particularly susceptible to dirty eroding by air current and H2O. The sedimentations of foods are hence progressively found merely under trees and shrubs, doing it hard for grasses to turn. Finally the grasses cease to vie for H2O and decease out. Most of Namibia ‘s best agriculture lands are bush encroached. As a effect the land supports less and less livestock per hectare as the woody flora additions. It becomes more hard for the cowss to travel in or amongst the shrubs in hunt for grazing lands. The bulk of valuable foods and H2O in the dirt are so taken up by the infringing shrub and the grasses can non entree them.Loss of biodiversityLoss of biodiversity is a decrease in the assortment of works and carnal species. In countries where environmental debasement has occurred there is frequently a loss of biodiversity as a consequence of the break to the ecosystem. However the loss of biodiversity itself can be considered a signifier of environmental debasement. The scope of familial makeup ( works and carnal assortments ) in a peculiar country can be considered to be a natural resource and is of import in keeping a healthy environment. The biodiversity of an country can diminish as a consequence of pollution, poaching, spread outing agribusiness and urbanisation. Sometimes there is a direct decrease in the figure of a peculiar species which itself if being threatened, but more frequently it is as a consequence of a break in the ecosystem and nutrient concatenation, which causes a Domino consequence, impacting a greater figure of beings.HOW TO STOP ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION:Legislations:Assorted Torahs has been framed in India for the protection of environment and some of these are cited below-A I ) Section 268 to 290 of Indian Penal Code trades with public nuisances. Public nuisance means pollution of air, H2O, blasting, inordinate fume, crud and other polluting activities.A two ) Section 133 and 143 of Code of Criminal Procedure Code and Section 91 of Code of Civil Procedure envisages that a individual may near a Magistrate and District Judge severally by registering a ailment or request about the public nuisance. three ) Under Law of Torts, particular harm can be claimed from nuisance maker/violator of environment. four ) The Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act'1974, V ) The Environment Protection Act'1986, six ) Wildlife ( Protection ) Act'1972, seven ) The Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act'1981, eight ) The Prevention of Cruelty of Animals Act'1960, nine ) The National Environment Tribunal Act'1995. Problem of pollution is the result of urbanisation, overpopulation and industrialisation. In modern times, hence, it needs more effectual legal sentiments to counter the above. Consequently Indian parliament passed The Environment Protection Act'1986 to safeguard the environmental debasement. The Indian Penal Code has few commissariats on the topic, but they are uneffective when faced with the jobs of an industrialised society. The first job to pull the attending of certain province statute law in India was H2O pollution. But it was merely in 1974 that a Central Act was enacted on the topic to be followed by The Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Cess Act'1977 and thenceforth most drastic jurisprudence had been enacted as Environment ( Protection ) Act'1986. India foremost got the gustatory sensation of environmental catastrophe by two calamities that befell India – the Bhopal catastrophe in 1984 and Sri Ram Fertilizer Plant leak in 1985. The Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster ( Processing of claims ) Act'1985 gave the Cardinal Government the exclusive authorization to stand for ( in judicial proceeding ) the victims of Bhopal for compensation claims against the Union Carbide Company. Sri Ram gas Leak did non bring forth legislative activity but prompted Mr. M.C.Mehta ( On behalf of Hindustani Andolon ) and certain other organisations to get down to utilize the effectual legal tool in the signifier of Public Interest Litigation ( PIL ) . This gave the Supreme Court an chance to pronounce certain of import philosophy on civil wrong jurisprudence, corporate jurisprudence ( peculiarly the civil liability of managers for wrongs committed by the corporate organic structure ) . Recently, Supreme Court has loosely and liberally interpreted the Article 21 and transgressed into the country of protection of environment and held that the protection of environment and citizen ‘s right to populate in eco-friendly atmosphere interpreted as the basic right guaranteed under Article 21. Recently to extenuate the demands of environment related judicial proceeding, â€Å" Green Benches † had been constituted in many High Courts in the Country. Some of the undermentioned determinations of Supreme Court of India has a great branching towards the protection and safeguarding the environment and keep the ecological balance. At one point of clip, the harm caused to the environment reaches a phase wherein the environment ca n't achieve the needed balance on its ain. In such a state of affairs, we worlds need to step in, and guarantee that the harm is curbed, and the balance is attained. Simple steps, such as preservation of electricity, use ofA alternate energy beginnings, avoiding the usage of things that pollute the environment, A dirt conservationA etc. , can assist in salvaging the environment from the menace of debasement. Environmentalists, the universe over, are seeking their best to salvage our environment, and we need to make our spot to do certain that they win. The demand of the hr is to place the causes of environmental debasement, and extinguish them one by one. We need to understand the fact that we are a portion of the interlacing life system on the planet, and any jobs, like environmental debasement andA environmental pollution, are bound to impact us straight or indirectly. Though the catastrophe is non expected to go on tomorrow or a hundred old ages from now, that does n't intend it will ne'er go on at all. That being said, the burden is on us – the most intelligent species on the planet, to do certain that such jobs are kept at bay.Stairss we can take:There are ways which we can assist to diminish debasement in our environment. Some of these include: Purchase recycled merchandises Conserve H2O Do non litter or flip waste into inappropriate topographic points Conserve energy Join an consciousness group Talk with others about the impacts of environmental debasement Be an advocator to salvage our planet! Reach Your GovernmentA – Tell your local functionaries that you want information on the community ‘s H2O supply and local defilers. Make certain functionaries recognize your right to cognize about your H2O supply. Dispose of Hazardous Waste – Make certain that risky waste is decently disposed of, non merely left around or placed with other refuse. Do n't Dump Chemicals – Never pour toxic substances down the drain. Although H2O is cleaned, metropoliss do non hold the equipment to extinguish all toxic substances from the H2O supply. Find Your Water ‘s Source – Learn about where your community ‘s H2O comes from. Keep a close oculus on this H2O beginning and encourage others to make the same. Read Well Reports – Community good operators frequently produce supervising studies on the safety of local Wellss. Ask the operators to give you a transcript of these stuffs and remain up-to-date on your Wellss. Substitute Substances – You can do your ain non-toxic versions of many popular merchandises, such as insect repellants. Making so prevents the toxic chemicals found in these merchandises from come ining the environment and the H2O supply.